What is a political realist? In the field of political science, political realism is a theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of power, interests, and self-interest in international relations. It posits that states are the primary actors in the international system and that they pursue their own national interests above all else. This perspective contrasts with other theories, such as idealism and liberalism, which focus on cooperation, morality, and the promotion of universal values.
Political realism originated in the works of ancient philosophers like Thucydides and Machiavelli, who observed the power struggles and conflicts between states in ancient Greece and Italy. These thinkers argued that the nature of human beings and the state was inherently self-interested, and that political life was driven by the pursuit of power and security. Over time, political realism evolved into a more systematic and comprehensive theory, with various scholars contributing to its development.
One of the key figures in the development of political realism is E.H. Carr, a British historian and political theorist. Carr’s work, “The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939,” is considered a foundational text in the field. Carr argued that the international system was characterized by anarchy, as there was no central authority to enforce rules and maintain order. This anarchy led to a constant competition for power among states, as they sought to ensure their own survival and security.
Another influential realist theorist is Kenneth Waltz, an American political scientist. Waltz’s book, “Man, the State, and War,” is a seminal work in the field of international relations theory. Waltz proposed the concept of the “anarchical condition” as the fundamental characteristic of the international system. He argued that the absence of a central authority made it necessary for states to prioritize their own interests and security, leading to a self-help system where power and military capabilities played a crucial role.
According to political realism, states are rational actors that seek to maximize their power and security. They are driven by self-interest and are willing to engage in conflict and cooperation depending on the circumstances. Realists believe that the international system is inherently conflictual and that war is an inevitable outcome of the competition for power. However, they also recognize that states can engage in cooperation when it serves their interests.
Realism has faced criticism for its focus on power and conflict, as well as its perceived lack of optimism about the possibility of peace and cooperation. Critics argue that the theory fails to account for the potential of international institutions and norms to promote stability and reduce conflict. However, defenders of realism argue that these institutions and norms are often weak and can be easily undermined by powerful states pursuing their own interests.
In conclusion, a political realist is someone who believes that states are the primary actors in the international system and that they pursue their own national interests above all else. This perspective emphasizes the role of power, interests, and self-interest in shaping international relations. While political realism has faced criticism, it remains a significant and influential theory in the field of political science.
